<hdr>The World Factbook 1994: Syria<nl>Government</hdr><body>
<list>
<item><hi format=bold>Names:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>conventional long form:</hi> Syrian Arab Republic
<item>• <hi format=ital>conventional short form:</hi> Syria
<item>• <hi format=ital>local long form:</hi> Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
<item>• <hi format=ital>local short form:</hi> Suriyah
<item>• <hi format=ital>former:</hi> United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
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<item><hi format=bold>Digraph:</hi> SY
<item><hi format=bold>Type:</hi> republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963
<item><hi format=bold>Capital:</hi> Damascus
<item><hi format=bold>Administrative divisions:</hi> 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular—muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus
<item><hi format=bold>Independence:</hi> 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
<item><hi format=bold>National holiday:</hi> National Day, 17 April (1946)
<item><hi format=bold>Constitution:</hi> 13 March 1973
<item><hi format=bold>Legal system:</hi> based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
<item><hi format=bold>Suffrage:</hi> 18 years of age; universal
<item><hi format=bold>Executive branch:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>chief of state:</hi> President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents 'Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); election last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results—President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with 99.98% of the vote; note—President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as president in the 12 March 1971 national elections
<item>• <hi format=ital>head of government:</hi> Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI (since 4 July 1992)
<item>• <hi format=ital>cabinet:</hi> Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
<item><hi format=bold>People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab):</hi> elections last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results—Ba'th 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats—(250 total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note—the People's Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
<item><hi format=bold>Judicial branch:</hi> Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts
<item><hi format=bold>Political parties and leaders:</hi> ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and Democratic Socialist Union Party
<item><hi format=bold>Other political or pressure groups:</hi> non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
<item><hi format=bold>Flag:</hi> three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band